Aiuto:AFI/Norvegesc

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Norvegesc on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Norvegesc in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

Per na ntroduzion sun co liejer i simboi AFI, cëla Help:IPA. Per la desfrënzia danter [ ], / / y ⟨ ⟩, cëla IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Scurtedes

The chart below shows how the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Norwegian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-no}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

The accent that has been used here as a model is Urban East Norwegian, the pronunciation of Bokmål spoken in the Oslo region and most commonly taught to foreigners.

See also Norwegian phonology and Norwegian orthography § Sound to spelling correspondences for more details about pronunciation of Norwegian.

Consonants
IPA	Examples	Nearest English equivalent
b	bil	bee
ç	kjip	hue
d	dag	day, but dental
ɖ	sardin^[1]	hard
f	fot	foot
ɡ	god	good
h	hatt	hat
j	jojo	yoyo
k	kafé	coffee
l	lake, Karl, Hordaland^[2]^[3]	lack
l̩	Abel	little, but without velarization; German Esel
ɫ	falsk^[2]^[3]	pull
m	man	man
n	natt	night, but dental
n̩	natten	chosen
ɳ	barn^[1]	night
ɳ̍	Kristoffersen	unnecessary
ŋ	ting	thing
p	pappa	papa
r	år^[1]	GA atom
ɽ	Vålerenga^[4]	GA atom, but retroflex
s	sabel	sabre
ʂ	sjø, torsdag^[1]	shoe, but retroflex
t	tirsdag	time, but dental
ʈ	parti^[1]	time
v	vaktel	vat
Non-native consonants
ʈʂ^[5]	Chile, match	challenge, but retroflex
Other symbols
◌ː	sommer [ˈsɔ̂mːər]^[6]	roommate

Stress and tone
IPA	Examples	Explanation
ˈ◌̀	bønder [ˈbœ̀nːər]	Low tone / tone 1 / acute accent^[7]
ˈ◌̂	bønner [ˈbœ̂nːər]	Falling tone / tone 2 / grave accent^[7]
ˌ◌	skoledisippel [ˈskûːɽədɪˌsɪpːl̩]	Secondary stress

Vowels
IPA	Examples	Nearest English equivalent
Monophthongs
ɑ	fast	art
ɑː	mat	bra, RP car
æ	fersk, æsj	trap
æː	ære	Australian mad
ɛ	helle, ætt	set
eː	hel, græle	Scottish save
ɪ	sill	hill
iː	i	need
ɔ	åtte^[8]	off
oː	mål^[8]	story
œ	nøtt^[8]	roughly like bet, but with rounded lips; German Röcke
øː	dø^[8]	roughly like Scottish save, but with rounded lips; German schön
ʊ	ond^[8]	put
uː	bot^[8]	fool
ʉ	full^[8]^[9]	Australian goose; German müssen
ʉː	ful^[8]^[9]	Australian choose; German üben
ʏ	nytt^[8]^[9]	roughly like hit, but with rounded lips; Swedish syll
yː	syl^[8]^[9]	roughly like leave, but with rounded lips; Swedish syl
Diphthongs
ɑɪ	kai	price
æɪ	bein	Australian day
æʉ	hauk^[8]	have
ɛɪ	mail^[10]	day
ɔʏ	boi^[8]	boy
œʏ	røyk^[8]	Canadian ice
ʉɪ	hui^[8]^[11]	fluid
Reduced vowels
ə	påle	about

Notes

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 Clusters of /r/ and laminal consonants /rd/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce retroflex realizations in a recursive Sandhi process: Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 In contemporary Urban East Norwegian, there are two lateral approximant phonemes: apical /l/ and laminal /l̻/. There is no longer a difference between the historical /rl/ and the simple /l/ when not preceded by /oː/ or /ɑː/. The most common lateral is the non-velarized apical alveolar Template:IPAblink. Only the laminal Template:IPAblink occurs after /t, d, n/ (in this guide transcribed the same as Template:IPAblink) and after /ɔ/ and /ɑ/. After /oː/ and /ɑː/, the two phonemes contrast. The laminal phoneme is velarized Template:IPAblink (transcribed in this guide without the diacritic) after back vowels but not after the central /ə/ Template:Harvcol.
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 When a lateral approximant occurs between two stressable vowels (i.e. any vowels other than /ə/) in a compound word, the coloring of the lateral depends on whether it occurs in a morpheme-final position or not. If there is a morpheme boundary between the vowel and /l/ (as in Hordaland Template:Audio-IPA), the lateral is clear Template:IPAblink regardless of the backness of the preceding vowel.
↑ /ɽ/ often alternates with /l/ (sometimes with /r/), but there is a small number of words in which only /ɽ/ occurs Template:Harvcol.
↑ This sound occurs in native words across word boundaries.
↑ Stressed short vowels usually trigger the gemination of the following consonant before another vowel or at the end of a word.
↑ ^7,0 ^7,1 The rise that often follows is only realized at the end of an intonational phrase. It is non-phonemic.
↑ ^8,00 ^8,01 ^8,02 ^8,03 ^8,04 ^8,05 ^8,06 ^8,07 ^8,08 ^8,09 ^8,10 ^8,11 ^8,12 ^8,13 [ɔ, oː, œ, øː, ʏ, yː, ɔʏ, œʏ] are protruded vowels, while [ʉ, ʉː, ʊ, uː] (including the [ʉ] element in [æʉ] and [ʉɪ]) are compressed.
↑ ^9,0 ^9,1 ^9,2 ^9,3
The distinction between compressed Template:IPAblink and protruded Template:IPAblink is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- Norwegian compressed Template:IPAblink sounds very close to many German speakers' compressed Template:IPAblink (as in müssen Template:Audio-IPA).
- Norwegian protruded Template:IPAblink sounds more similar to English unrounded Template:IPAblink (as in hit) than to German compressed Template:IPAblink, and it is very close to Swedish protruded Template:IPAblink (as in syll Template:Audio-IPA).
Similarly,
- Norwegian compressed Template:IPAblink sounds very close to many German speakers' compressed Template:IPAblink.
- Norwegian protruded Template:IPAblink sounds more similar to English unrounded Template:IPAblink (as in leave) than to German compressed Template:IPAblink, and it is very close to Swedish protruded Template:IPAblink (as in syl Template:Audio-IPA).
↑ [ɛɪ] appears only in recent loanwords. Speakers who do not have [ɛɪ] in their diphthong inventory replace it with [æɪ] Template:Harvcol.
↑ [ʉɪ] appears only in the word hui Template:Harvcol.

References

Berulfsen, Bjarne (1969), Norsk Uttaleordbok (per Norwegian), Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co (W Nygaard){{citation}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997], Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag, ISBN 3-926972-54-8
Skaug, Ingebjørg (2003) [First published 1996], Norsk språklydlære med øvelser (per Norwegian) (3rd ed.), Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS, ISBN 82-456-0178-0{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk (per Norwegian), Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Vanvik, Arne (1985), Norsk Uttaleordbok: A Norwegian pronouncing dictionary, Oslo: Fonetisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 978-8299058414

External links

"Lexin". Uni Research Computing.
"Nordavinden og sola: Opptak og transkripsjoner av norske dialekter" (per Norwegian). Trondheim: Institutt for språk- og kommunikasjonsstudier, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[retroflex-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 Clusters of /r/ and laminal consonants /rd/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce retroflex realizations in a recursive Sandhi process: Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink.

[laterals-2] 2,0 ^2,1 In contemporary Urban East Norwegian, there are two lateral approximant phonemes: apical /l/ and laminal /l̻/. There is no longer a difference between the historical /rl/ and the simple /l/ when not preceded by /oː/ or /ɑː/. The most common lateral is the non-velarized apical alveolar Template:IPAblink. Only the laminal Template:IPAblink occurs after /t, d, n/ (in this guide transcribed the same as Template:IPAblink) and after /ɔ/ and /ɑ/. After /oː/ and /ɑː/, the two phonemes contrast. The laminal phoneme is velarized Template:IPAblink (transcribed in this guide without the diacritic) after back vowels but not after the central /ə/ Template:Harvcol.

[clearafterbackvowels-3] 3,0 ^3,1 When a lateral approximant occurs between two stressable vowels (i.e. any vowels other than /ə/) in a compound word, the coloring of the lateral depends on whether it occurs in a morpheme-final position or not. If there is a morpheme boundary between the vowel and /l/ (as in Hordaland Template:Audio-IPA), the lateral is clear Template:IPAblink regardless of the backness of the preceding vowel.

[4] /ɽ/ often alternates with /l/ (sometimes with /r/), but there is a small number of words in which only /ɽ/ occurs Template:Harvcol.

[5] This sound occurs in native words across word boundaries.

[6] Stressed short vowels usually trigger the gemination of the following consonant before another vowel or at the end of a word.

[rise-7] 7,0 ^7,1 The rise that often follows is only realized at the end of an intonational phrase. It is non-phonemic.

[roundedness-8] 8,00 ^8,01 ^8,02 ^8,03 ^8,04 ^8,05 ^8,06 ^8,07 ^8,08 ^8,09 ^8,10 ^8,11 ^8,12 ^8,13 [ɔ, oː, œ, øː, ʏ, yː, ɔʏ, œʏ] are protruded vowels, while [ʉ, ʉː, ʊ, uː] (including the [ʉ] element in [æʉ] and [ʉɪ]) are compressed.

[closerounded-9] 9,0 ^9,1 ^9,2 ^9,3 The distinction between compressed Template:IPAblink and protruded Template:IPAblink is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
Norwegian compressed Template:IPAblink sounds very close to many German speakers' compressed Template:IPAblink (as in müssen Template:Audio-IPA).

Norwegian protruded Template:IPAblink sounds more similar to English unrounded Template:IPAblink (as in hit) than to German compressed Template:IPAblink, and it is very close to Swedish protruded Template:IPAblink (as in syll Template:Audio-IPA).
Similarly,
Norwegian compressed Template:IPAblink sounds very close to many German speakers' compressed Template:IPAblink.

Norwegian protruded Template:IPAblink sounds more similar to English unrounded Template:IPAblink (as in leave) than to German compressed Template:IPAblink, and it is very close to Swedish protruded Template:IPAblink (as in syl Template:Audio-IPA).

[10] Norwegian compressed Template:IPAblink sounds very close to many German speakers' compressed Template:IPAblink (as in müssen Template:Audio-IPA).

[11] Norwegian protruded Template:IPAblink sounds more similar to English unrounded Template:IPAblink (as in hit) than to German compressed Template:IPAblink, and it is very close to Swedish protruded Template:IPAblink (as in syll Template:Audio-IPA).

[12] Norwegian compressed Template:IPAblink sounds very close to many German speakers' compressed Template:IPAblink.

[13] Norwegian protruded Template:IPAblink sounds more similar to English unrounded Template:IPAblink (as in leave) than to German compressed Template:IPAblink, and it is very close to Swedish protruded Template:IPAblink (as in syl Template:Audio-IPA).

[10] [ɛɪ] appears only in recent loanwords. Speakers who do not have [ɛɪ] in their diphthong inventory replace it with [æɪ] Template:Harvcol.

[11] [ʉɪ] appears only in the word hui Template:Harvcol.

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